- Install smoke detectors to warn of an apartment or home fire.
- Elevate utilities to upper floor or attic.
- Clear surrounding brush to protect your home against wildfires.
- Anchor your house to the foundation, and anchor the roof to the main frame.
- Secure objects that could fall and cause damage in an earthquake, such as a
bookcase or hot water heater.
- Install hurricane shutters on windows, and prepare plywood covers for glass
doors.
- Cover windows, turn off utilities, or move possessions to a safer location if
you have adequate warning of something like a hurricane or flood.
- If your home is in a high risk flood area, on a fault line, or threatened by
coastal erosion, consider relocating.
- Have your house inspected by a building inspector or architect to find out
what structural improvements could prevent or reduce major damage from
disasters.
- If you haven't yet bought a house, you might take construction type into
account. Frame houses tend to withstand some disasters, while brick homes
hold up better in others.
If you're not sure where to start, you could contact your local fire department if you live in wildfire country. Fire departments will often make house calls to evaluate your property and make suggestions on how to improve safety. In earthquake-prone areas, the local utility can be called upon to come to your location and show you how and where to shut off gas lines or how to elevate utilities to get them above a possible flood.
Conduct a household inventory
Inventory your household possessions by making a list of everything you own. If disaster strikes, this list could:
- Help you prove the value of what you owned if those possessions are
damaged or destroyed.
- Make it more likely you'll receive a fast, fair payment from your insurance
company for your losses.
- Provide documentation for tax deductions you claim for your losses.
To conduct a thorough home inventory:
- Record the location of the originals of all important financial and family
documents, such as birth and marriage certificates, wills, deeds, tax returns,
insurance policies, and stock and bond certificates. Keep the originals in a
safe place and store copies elsewhere. You'll need accessible records for tax
and insurance purposes.
- Make a visual or written record of your possessions. If you don't own a
camera or videotaping equipment (and can't borrow or rent it), buy an
inventory booklet and fill it out, or make a simple list on notebook paper.
Ask your insurance agent if he or she can provide one.
- Go from room to room. Describe each item, when you bought it, and how
much it cost. If you're photographing or videotaping, have someone open
closet doors and hold up items.
- Record model and serial numbers.
- Include less expensive items, such as bath towels and clothes. Their costs
add up if you have to replace them.
- Be sure you include items in your attic, basement, and garage.
- Note the quality of building materials, particularly for such furnishings as
oak doors or expensive plumbing fixtures.
- Photograph the exterior of your home. Include the landscaping--that big tree
in the front yard may not be insurable, but it does increase the value of your
property for tax purposes. Make special note of any improvements, such as a
patio, fencing, or outbuildings.
- Photograph cars, boats, and recreational vehicles.
- Make copies of receipts and canceled checks for more valuable items.
- Get professional appraisals of jewelry, collectibles, artwork, or other items
that are difficult to value. Update the appraisals every two to three years.
- Update your inventory list annually.
Sound like too much work? Computer software programs designed for such purposes can make the task much easier. These programs are readily available in local computer stores. Most important, once you have completed your inventory, leave a copy with relatives or friends, or in a safe deposit box. Don't leave your only copy at home, where it might be destroyed.
Buy insurance
Even with adequate time to prepare for a disaster, you still may suffer significant, unavoidable damage to your property. That's when insurance for renters or homeowners can be a big help. Yet, many people affected by recent disasters have been underinsured-or worse-not insured at all. Homeowners insurance doesn't cover floods and some other major disasters. Make sure you buy the insurance you need to protect against the perils you face.
If you own a home:
- Buy, at a minimum, full replacement or replacement cost coverage. This
means the structure can be replaced up to the limits specified in the policy.
- Investigate buying a guaranteed replacement cost policy. When and where
available, these policies can pay to rebuild your house, including
improvements, at today's prices, regardless of the limits of the policy.
- Have your home periodically reappraised to be sure the policy reflects the
real replacement cost.
- Update the policy to include any home improvements, such as basement
refinishing. Annual automatic increases may not be enough to cover these.
- Buy a policy that covers the replacement cost of your possessions. Standard
coverage only pays for the actual cash value (replacement cost discounted
for age or use).
- Be very clear about what the policy will and will not cover, and how the
deductibles work (the part you pay before the policy pays).
- Check state-operated or federally operated insurance pools if you find it
difficult to obtain private coverage because of a recent disaster. Premiums
often run higher than market rates, but this is better than no coverage.
- Use your home inventory list to check that your policy's coverage matches
the value of your possessions.
If you rent:
- If you are renting, consider locating outside a high risk flood area or away
from a fault line.
- Buy renter's insurance, which pays for damaged, destroyed, or stolen
personal property. Your landlord's insurance won't cover damage to or loss
of your possessions. Also, consider special coverage like flood insurance for
your belongings.
- Be clear about what a policy will cover. Some policies cover more than
others. For example, will the policy pay for living expenses if you have to
live somewhere else temporarily, or for damage from sewer backup?
- Comparison shop for the best coverage at the best price. Other than
government flood insurance, policies vary from company to company.
Policies in most areas are very affordable. Start with the company that
insures your car. Discounts are often available if you carry more than one
policy with a company.
If you are moving:
Select a home in an area not on a fault line, in a flood area, or at risk from costal errosion.
Consider special coverage
Insurance for renters and homeowners won't cover certain types of losses. Ask your insurance agent or financial planner about special or additional coverage for the following:
- Floods. Homeowner policies don't cover damage from flooding. Call your
current insurance company or agent first about getting coverage. If your
company doesn't provide flood insurance, call the National Flood Insurance
Program at (800) 427-4661, which can provide you with the name of an
agent in your area who writes flood insurance. As of 1997, the average
premium is $300 a year for $98,000 of coverage.
- Earthquakes. Premiums typically are high ($5,000 annually for a $200,000
home), and deductibles may range from 5% to 20% of the policy's coverage.
Still, such coverage may be better than no coverage. (Earthquake coverage
for the contents of a home usually is separate. You also may need separate
coverage for masonry and plate glass.)
Home offices. Some policies automatically extend coverage to computer
equipment and a few other items of business property. Talk to your agent to
determine what items would or would not be covered. If necessary, you
could buy additional business coverage at a modest cost. Or it may be
better to buy a separate small business policy, which would also provide
more coverage.
- Building codes. Ask your agent about additional insurance to cover the
costs of meeting new, stricter building codes. Frequently, after a disaster
people get socked with rebuilding costs that are much higher because
building codes have changed. All current codes must be met when r
rebuilding. Consider additional structural improvements that provide more
protection.
- Other potential problems. This would include problems such as
underground mines (located beneath your property) sewer backup, or
mudslides.
Big-ticket items. Purchase additional coverage for specific jewelry, collectibles, artwork, furs, or other big-ticket items.
Where to keep cash
After a disaster, you may need cash for the first few days, or even several weeks. Income may stop if you can't work. To help stay solvent, consider the following:
- Keep a small amount of cash or traveler's checks at home in a place where
you can get at it quickly in case of a sudden evacuation. A disaster can shut
down local ATMs and banks. The money should be in small denominations
for easier use.
- Set aside money in an emergency fund. That can be tough to do on a tight
budget, but it can be well worth the effort. The fund can be very helpful, not
only in a disaster, but in other financial crises, such as during
unemployment or when unexpected expenses like legal fees arise.
- Keep your emergency funds in a safe, easily accessible account, such as a
passbook savings account or a money market account.
- Keep some funds outside the local area, since the disaster that affects you
could also affect your local financial institutions. A mutual fund money
market account in another city or state is one option to consider.
- Keep your credit cards paid off. You may have to draw on them to tide you
over.
Use an evacuation box. Buy a lockable, durable "evacuation box" to grab in the event of an emergency. Even a cardboard box would do. Put important papers into the box in sealed, waterproof plastic bags. Store the box in your home where you can get to it easily. Keep this box with you at all times, don't leave it in your unattended car.
The box should be large enough to carry:
- A small amount of traveler's checks or cash and a few rolls of quarters.
- Negatives for irreplaceable personal photographs, protected in plastic
sleeves.
- A list of emergency contacts that includes doctors, financial advisors, clergy,
reputable repair contractors, and family members who live outside your area.
- Copies of important prescriptions for medicines and eyeglasses, and copies
of children's immunization records.
- Health, dental, or prescription insurance cards or information.
- Copies of your auto, flood, renter's, or homeowners insurance policies (or at
least policy numbers) and a list of insurance company telephone numbers.
- Copies of other important financial and family records (or at least a list of
their locations). These would include deeds, titles, wills, a letter of
instructions, birth and marriage certificates, passports, relevant employee
benefits documents, the first two pages of the previous year's federal and
state income tax returns, etc. Originals, other than wills , should be kept in
a safe deposit box or at another location.
- Backups of computerized financial records.
- A list of bank account, loan, credit card, driver's license, investment account
(brokerage and mutual funds), and Social Security numbers.
- Safe deposit box key.
Rent a safe deposit box. Safe deposit boxes are invaluable for protecting originals of important papers. If you don't have a safe deposit box, keep copies in your evacuation box or with family or friends. Original documents to store in a safe deposit box include:
- Deeds, titles, and other ownership records for your home, autos, RVs, boats,
etc.
- Birth certificates and naturalization papers.
- Marriage license/divorce papers and child custody papers.
- Passports and military/veteran papers.
- Appraisals of expensive jewelry and heirlooms.
- Certificates for stocks, bonds, and other investments.
- Trust agreements.
- Living wills, powers of attorney, and health care powers of attorney.
- Insurance policies (copies are sufficient).
- Home improvement records.
- Household inventory documentation.
- Generally, originals of wills should not be kept in a safe deposit box since
the box may be sealed temporarily after death. Keep originals of wills with
your local registrar of wills or your attorney.
- Deciding on a safe and convenient location is an issue. You may want to
consider renting a safe deposit box in a bank far enough away from your
home so it is not likely to be affected by the same disaster that strikes your
home (for instance, bank vaults have been flooded). Keep the key to the
safe deposit box in your evacuation box.
Home safes and fire boxes. Safes and fire boxes can be convenient places to store important papers. However, some disasters, such as hurricanes, floods, or tornadoes, could destroy your home. Usually, it's better to store original papers in a safe deposit box or at another location well away from your home.
If you have time...
Some disasters, such as tornadoes or earthquakes, strike with little or no warning. Others, such as floods or hurricanes, may allow some time to prepare. If there is enough time, you could take the following actions:
- Decide what household items you would put on a very short priority list.
For example, imagine you could take only one suitcase or pack a single
carload. What would you take? Involve the whole family in this discussion.
- Take jewelry and other small valuables.
- Take irreplaceable heirlooms, mementos, and photos.
- Don't bother with replaceable items such as televisions, furniture,
computers, and clothing (except what you need to wear for a few days).
- Be sure, however, to take a battery-powered radio and spare batteries so
you can stay informed.
- Take important papers and computer disks if you have a home business.
Whew! These are a lot of ideas. You may not be able to do everything that is suggested--that's OK. Do what you can. Taking even limited action now will go a long way toward preparing you financially before a disaster strikes.
For more information, contact your local Red Cross or office of emergency management. There you can find out what the potential is for various disasters in your area or how you can help others who are affected by a disaster. You also can pick up a brochure that gives you advice on how to recover financially after a disaster strikes.
To find more information on the Internet, contact:
FEMA -- www.fema.gov
NEFE -- www.nefe.org
This information is made available through your local American Red Cross and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. It is provided as a public service of the Red Cross and the Public Education Center of the Denver-based National Endowment for Financial Education. All Red Cross disaster relief is free of charge--a gift of the American people. The Federal Emergency Management Agency provides assistance--principally low-cost loans--for disaster recovery from Presidentially declared disasters. The National Endowment is an independent non-profit educational organization dedicated to improving the financial well-being of Americans.
CFP and CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER are federally registered service marks of the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards, Inc.
The original brochure was published by the American Red Cross, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the National Endowment for Financial Education.
